International Journal of Educational Research Excellence (IJERE)

The Effect of Using Children's Storybooks on Early Reading Skills in First Grade Students of Mis Al-Ikhlasiyah

Novalia Riris Tambunan — 2025-10-27

In accordance with the formulation of the problem, this study aimed to determine the effect of the use of children's story books on the early reading skills of first-grade students at Mis Al-Ikhlasiyah. This study used a quantitative pre-experiment method with a two-group pretest-posttest. The research subjects consisted of two groups of first-grade students: an experimental group (N = 27) and a control group (N = 27). In this study, the subjects were first given a pre-test to determine their initial abilities before being taught using storybooks. Following the pretest, the students were given treatment, namely storybooks. After completion, the students were given a posttest to determine the extent of the storybook’s influence on their reading ability. The Effect of Children's Storybook Media: The use of children's storybooks significantly improves the early reading skills of first-grade students in MIS Al-Ikhlasiyah. This is evident from the increase in the average score of students in the experimental class (pretest 70.44 to posttest: 80.3) and the percentage of completion (48.15% to 85%). Differences between the Experimental and Control Classes: The control class also experienced improvement but was not as significant as the experimental class. The completion rate of the control class was only 33%, compared to 85% in the experimental class. Effectiveness of Children's Storybook Media: Children's storybook media have been proven to be effective in increasing students' interest and early reading skills compared to conventional methods.

Developing English Speaking Teaching Material Based on Project Based learning Spiritual Approaches at Senior High School Student of Islamic Boarding School Ulun Nuha Medan

Firmansyah Firmansyah — 2025-10-27

An effort made in the era of globalization in an Islamic boarding school is to prepare English language skills for students by developing their English speaking skills. However, in reality, the English speaking skills of students are very low, especially at Islamic Boarding School Ulun Nuha Medan, even though they have studied for years. The Researcher tries to provide a solution by using Islamic-themed English teaching materials by using teaching materials based on Project-based Learning spiritual approaches so that students are motivated and more confident in communicating in English, because the teaching materials presented are in accordance with the environment and conditions of the boarding school which is an Islamic environment, so that the interest of students in learning English increases and English communication is created and what is expected by the author and the boarding school is achieved, namely the formation of an English-speaking environment every day.

Developing Anecdote Text Writing Using Animated Videos for Students Class X SMKS PAB-2 Helvetia

Afrida Hanum — 2025-10-27

This study aims to develop a way of writing texts using animated videos, namely, writing anecdotal texts using animated videos that are expected to improve the quality of learning. This research and development uses the ADDIE development procedure. The product of this research was writing anecdotal texts using animated videos for class X SMK. The subjects of the research included material expert validators and media expert validators (design). The steps of this research include analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The research instruments used in this study includedstudent needs questionnaires, material expert validation, media expert validation, pretest, and posttest tests. The results of this study show that writing anecdotal texts using animated videos uses the ADDIE procedure and obtains validation results with decent qualifications, with a value from material expert validators of 69.5% and media expert validators of 80%. The effectiveness results obtained from the animated video learning media showed good effectiveness results with very good qualifications, and from the pre-test and post-test trials of students showed an increase in the average score from 69.9 to 87.9. The calculation of Normalize Gain (N-Gain) produces an average value of 0.6067 or 60.67%, which is included in the “quite effective” category so that it can be concluded that the product of writing anecdotal text using animated video learning that has been developed in this study is very feasible for students to use in the learning process.

Implementation of the Explicit Instruction Model Using the Storytelling Method Based on Reading Short Stories for Fifth Grade Elementary School Students State 116241 Kampung Baru Rantau Prapat

Noprida Wati Ritonga — 2025-10-27

The problem in this study is how the storytelling method based on reading short stories through the explicit instruction model influences fifth-grade elementary school students. Negeri 116241 Kampung Baru Rantau Prapat Academic Year 2024-2025. This study aimed to determine the effect of the storytelling method based on reading short stories through an explicit instruction model on fifth-grade elementary school students. State 116241 Kampung Baru Rantau Prapat Academic Year 2024-2025. The participants of this study were fifth-grade elementary school students. Negeri 116241 Kampung Baru Rantau Prapat in the 2024-2025 academic year, totaling 40 students. The results showed that students who previously did not understand and were less active in the learning process became more active. The students were able to construct their understanding through groups and individuals from the learning material. Students were more independent and creative because the explicit instruction model learning provided them with full opportunities to plan and work on their assignments and were appreciated in the performance process. The storytelling method was based on reading short stories of fifth-grade elementary school students. Negeri 116241 Kampung Baru Rantau Prapat in the 2024-2025 Academic Year using the explicit instruction model showed an average value of 75.00 while the conventional model was 67.411. This proves that there was a positive influence on the application of the explicit instruction model.

Developing English Teaching Material of Reading Comprehension For Islamic Students At MTS SKB 3 Menteri Bingkat

Ratna Yunita — 2025-11-04

According to Bryman’s model, the research procedure involves several systematic stages: (1) identifying theoretical foundations, (2) formulating hypotheses, (3) designing the research, (4) operationalizing variables, (5) collecting data, (6) quantitatively analyzing data, (7) drawing conclusions, and (8) revising or confirming theoretical implications. These steps guided the development and validation of the discovery-learning model throughout the study. Data were collected through reading comprehension tests, expert validation, and student response questionnaires. The pre-test total score was 1,200, while the post-test total score increased to 2,270, indicating a significant improvement in students’ reading comprehension achievement. Statistical analysis confirmed that Discovery Learning significantly improved students’ ability to identify main ideas, infer meanings, and comprehend textual details. Validation by material experts indicated that the developed product was valid, effective, and practical for classroom implementation. The students’ responses also reflected positive perceptions of the learning process, particularly in terms of motivation and engagement. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the Discovery Learning-based reading comprehension model developed through the quantitative R Therefore, it is recommended that English teachers apply this model to enhance students’ analytical and interpretive reading skills. The researcher used a classroom action research (C.A.R) that was conducted in two cycles in which every cycle consisted of four meetings; this study used a qualitative approach. The location of this research was eighth-grade students of MTs SKB 3 Menteri Bingkat, with a total of 28 students

Developing English Speaking Teaching Materials Through Task-Based Learning for TheEighth-Grade Students Of MTs S Mutafawiq Aini

Rizqy Sunarty — 2025-11-04

The objectives of this study were to develop English-speaking materials through Task-Based Learning for eighth-grade students at MTs S Mutafawiq Aini, and to investigate the effectiveness of the developed materials in improving students' English speaking skills. This study employed a Research and Development method to design English speaking skills using a task-based learning approach. Educational R&D is a development model in which the findings of research are used to design new products and procedures that are systematically field-tested. Based on the research findings and discussions, several conclusions were drawn, and English-speaking materials were developed using the ADDIE model and validated by experts. The development process included the analysis of learners’ needs, design of task-based content, and implementation in real classroom settings. Expert validation showed that the developed materials were of high quality, with an average validity of 90.25%, and were categorized as 'Very Good.' The materials were relevant, engaging, and aligned with the Merdeka Curriculum. The field trial results revealed a significant improvement in the students’ speaking performance. The average score increased from 64.5 to 82.25, demonstrating that TBL effectively enhanced fluency, accuracy, and confidence. Students’ positive responses confirmed that the developed materials were interesting, enjoyable, and useful in motivating them to actively speak English. Overall, Task-Based Learning has proved to be an effective approach for developing English-speaking materials that promote communicative competence and learner autonomy.

The Influence of Discipline and Environment on Students’ Learning Creativity in The Field of Study Integrated Social Sciences Spatial Interaction Material In Life In Asean Countries of SMP 5 Padangsidempuan

Yusmiati Yusmiati — 2025-11-12

The formulation of the problem in this study is whether discipline and environment influence the learning creativity of students in the field of integrated social studies on the material of spatial interaction in life in ASEAN countries at SMP Negeri 5, Padangsidimpuan. The objective of this study is to determine the influence of discipline and environment on the learning creativity of students in the field of integrated social studies on the material of financial interaction in life in ASEAN countries. The type of research that the author used in this study was sociative. The questionnaire was used as a data-collection tool. Based on data analysis, a known r count of 0.998 was obtained. While the r table has a confidence level of 95% or an error rate of 5% with N=30 as big as 0.361 with thus can known that mark The calculated r is greater than the table r value, namely (0.998> 0.361). Thus, It can be said that Ha is accepted that discipline and environment influence the learning creativity of students in the Integrated Social Studies study field of spatial interaction material in life in ASEAN countries in class VII of SMP Negeri 5 Padangsidimpuan

Developing English Speaking Teaching Materials Through Peer Collaboration Model At MTS S Mutafawiq Aini

Rizka Rahmadini Panggabean — 2025-11-19

The objective of this research is to design, develop, and validate a set of English speaking teaching materials based on the peer collaboration model that are suitable for use by 9th-grade students at MTs S Mutafawiq Aini. This research employs a Research and Development (R&D) approach as proposed by Borg and Gall (2003), which is especially relevant for educational innovation. The R&D model offers a structured process that aims to produce educational products, such as teaching materials, that are developed and validated through rigorous procedures. This model includes a cycle of planning, developing, validating, testing, and revising the product to ensure its relevance, usability, and effectiveness in real teaching contexts. After analyzing the data, the researcher concluded that the existing speaking material is not appropriate for students and it was not enough to make students understand the material about descriptive text. They think it is difficult to learn about speaking descriptive text because the existing material is not in line with their major. They want to have a suitable material with their major that can motivate them to learn. The solution for that problem is developing the new appropriate speaking English material. Developing the material was using the R & D phases by Gall et. al. (2003) which is simplified into; (1) Gathering Data and Information; (2) Need Analysis; (3) Design Media; (4) Validate by expert; (5) Revision; (6) Final Product. The score of validation from the first validator was 95% and from the second validator was 93.3% and it was categorized as relevant. It means the material is appropriate to use as learning material for students

Applied Linguistics in Public Relations: Bibliometric and Thematic Trends in an Evolving Research Field

Ahmad Muam — 2025-11-25

This study aims to map and interpret the intellectual structure, thematic evolution, and research trends at the intersection of applied linguistics and public relations over the past decade. The primary objective is to identify key authors, influential sources, dominant themes, and methodological shifts that characterize this emerging interdisciplinary field. Bibliometric data were retrieved from the Scopus database, covering peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2016 and 2025 that explicitly address both applied linguistics and public relations. Using Biblioshiny (Bibliometrix) for performance indicators, collaboration networks, thematic maps, and keyword co-occurrence, and NVivo 12 for qualitative content analysis, this study integrates quantitative and qualitative approaches to provide a comprehensive understanding of the field’s evolution. The results reveal a significant increase in publication output and thematic diversification, indicating rapid intellectual growth. Five dominant thematic clusters were identified: AI and Natural Language Processing (NLP), Digital and Social Media Communication, Health Communication, Discourse and Organizational Communication, and Cross-Cultural Communication. A strong methodological shift toward computational linguistics, big data analytics, and sentiment analysis is evident, accompanied by growing attention to ethics, transparency, and trust in digital public discourse. Emerging frontiers include AI-driven communication modeling, crisis discourse in digital media, multilingual brand communication, and ethnolinguistic perspectives on organizational trust.

Assessment of Educational Protection Tools (APE) of Block in Early Childhood Education

Aziza Miftayul Yani — 2025-12-02

This study aims to evaluate the use of Educational Props (APE) blocks in improving the cognitive, motor, and social-emotional development of early childhood. The assessment was conducted through observation, documentation, and interviews with teachers and children in the 4–5 year old age group at an early childhood education institution. The results of the study indicate that the structured use of blocks can improve children's classification, construction, fine motor coordination, and social skills such as cooperation and communication. The obstacles found were the suboptimal variation in block use and the lack of educators' understanding of constructive play-based stimulation strategies. The implications of this study encourage teachers to use a guided play approach to make the use of APE more effective.

Geometry Introduction Learning Assessment Through Smart Books at Almawaddah IT Kindergarten

Miki Ayu Pramita — 2025-12-02

This study aims to develop and implement appropriate geometric educational teaching aids for early childhood (PAUD), and to measure their influence on the understanding of the concept of plane figures (triangle, square, rectangle, circle, quadrilateral, pentagon, hexagon). The study uses an R&D (Research & Development) approach with the following stages: (1) designing props made of felt, (2) limited trials in PAUD classes, (3) evaluation through comprehension and observation tests. The results show that the use of props significantly increases students' understanding scores compared to before use, as well as increasing motivation and learning activities. These findings indicate that well-designed, interactive and kinesthetic geometric teaching aids can be an effective medium in geometry learning for PAUD. Practical implications for PAUD teachers and learning media developers are outlined.

The Effectiveness of Learning Process and Outcome Assessment Based on The Hijaiyah Letter Tree Media in Improving Early Literacy Skills of Early Childhood

Linda Ilmayanti — 2025-12-05

Learning the hijaiyah letters in early childhood is an important foundation in the development of religious literacy, so creative and fun methods are needed to increase children's interest in learning. This study focuses on the effectiveness of the Hijaiyah Letter Tree media in improving the ability of PAUD children in recognizing, naming, and attaching hijaiyah letters through a playful approach. The purpose of this study is to describe the learning process using this media, assess the development of children's abilities, and identify supporting factors and obstacles during the activity. This study also provides benefits for teachers, children, institutions, and parents in strengthening hijaiyah learning in an integrated manner. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with a Classroom Action Research (CAR) model. The research subjects consisted of 15 children from group B PAUD Pembina, Karang Jaya District. Data were collected through observation, documentation, and formative assessment, then analyzed through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate that the Hijaiyah Letter Tree media is effective in increasing children's attention, motivation, and ability to recognize and pronounce hijaiyah letters. Most children were able to display good learning performance, while some children required further assistance, especially in aspects of pronunciation and learning focus. The visual, verbal, and kinesthetic activities combined in this medium contribute to increased child engagement during the learning process. In conclusion, the Hijaiyah Letter Tree can be used as an alternative learning medium that is effective, interactive, and appropriate for the developmental characteristics of early childhood. Reinforcement through parental involvement is essential to maintain consistent learning at home.

Implementation of Authentic Assessment Through Dice Games to Measure Early Childhood Cognitive Development at Nur Faizah PAUD, Bingin Rupit Village

Nini Angger Yeni — 2025-12-05

Early childhood development assessment needs to be conducted authentically and enjoyably, in accordance with the characteristics of learning through play. However, assessment practices in early childhood education (PAUD) are still dominated by traditional assessments that do not reflect children's natural abilities. This study examines the use of dice games as a medium for assessing children's cognitive development at Nur Faizah PAUD to overcome the limitations of conventional assessments and improve the accuracy of learning assessments. The study aims to describe the implementation of dice-based assessments and their effectiveness in assessing numeracy and number recognition skills. This study used a qualitative descriptive approach through observation, interviews, and documentation of 15 children in group B and their classroom teachers. The results showed that dice games can increase learning motivation and enable cognitive assessment to occur naturally. Most children were able to correctly name the numbers according to the dice roll results, and approximately 70% of children were able to perform simple addition using two dice. In addition to academic outcomes, this activity also stimulated social-emotional development such as cooperation, waiting for turns, emotional regulation, and communication during play. Teachers acknowledged that assessment through dice games facilitated observation of the learning process without causing stress for children, although obstacles such as limited game equipment and recording of assessment results were still encountered. Overall, the dice game proved to be an effective, fun, and developmentally appropriate assessment instrument for early childhood, and supported the principles of the Independent Curriculum, which is oriented towards meaningful and child-centered learning.

The Development of English Vocabulary Teaching Material Through Cooperative Learning for Grade Vii Students of Smps Langkat Binjai 2025/2026

Arif Farhan — 2025-12-07

Guided by the research questions, this study is designed to achieve three main objectives. To design and develop a prototype of English vocabulary teaching materials based on Cooperative Learning principles for Grade VII students at SMP Langkat Binjai. To validate the developed materials through expert evaluation and pilot implementation. To assess the effectiveness of the materials in enhancing students’ vocabulary acquisition and active learning participation. This research employs a Research and Development (R&D) approach with the ADDIE model as its instructional design framework. R&D is appropriate for studies that aim to produce educational products—such as teaching materials-and systematically test their quality and effectiveness in real-world contexts. The ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) was selected due to its structured yet flexible nature and its wide acceptance in educational material development. The conclusions of this research can be categorized into five major areas corresponding to the ADDIE model: Development of Materials, Validation of Materials, Implementation of Materials, Effectiveness of Materials, Practicality and Pedagogical Implications

Implementation of Language Games Through Pictured Letter Cards in an Effort to Improve The Beginning Reading Skills of Grade I Students at State Elementary School UPT 060837

Dewi Susanti — 2025-12-27

This study aims to describe the implementation of a picture card-based language game in improving the early reading skills of first-grade students at the UPT SD Negeri 060837, Medan Barat District. This study also identifies the obstacles faced and the solutions implemented during the learning process. This type of research uses a qualitative field research approach. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques used are data reduction, data display/presentation, and conclusions/verification. The research method used is classroom action research (CAR) which consists of two cycles with stages of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The research subjects are first-grade students, with data collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study showed that the use of language games using picture letter cards significantly improved students' motivation and early reading skills. Students' activeness and enthusiasm increased, as evidenced by their improved ability to recognize letters, syllables, and words. Challenges identified included limited media, teachers' lack of experience in using this method, and students' low self-confidence. Solutions implemented included teacher training, increased creativity in media use, and support for a conducive learning environment. In conclusion, the application of language games through the media of picture letter cards is an effective method to improve the early reading skills of first grade students. With the right approach, this game not only improves reading skills, but also creates a fun and interactive learning atmosphere

Effect of Using Image Media as Media Learning Towards Skill Improvement Writing Student Poetry in Language Learning Indonesia for Elementary Student

Heny Triana — 2025-12-27

This study aims to analyze the influence of using image media on improving poetry writing skills among Grade VI students at UPT SPF SDN 101763 Klumpang Kampung, Hamparan Perak Subdistrict, during the 2025/2026 academic year. The subjects included two classes, VIA and VIB, consisting of a total of 48 students. The study employed a quantitative pre-experimental design using the One Group Pretest-Posttest method. The research stages began with a pretest to measure the initial poetry writing skills of students. Subsequently, the students were taught using image media as visual aids. After the intervention, a posttest was conducted to evaluate learning outcomes. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between pretest and posttest results. The findings indicate that image media significantly influenced the improvement of students' poetry writing skills. The average posttest score for VIA increased from 65.23 to 82.45, while the score for VIB rose from 64.85 to 81.78. The use of image media proved effective in helping students understand abstract concepts, stimulate imagination, and express ideas creatively in poetry. Aspects such as word choice (diction), poetry structure, and imagery showed significant improvement. In conclusion, image media is not only relevant but also highly effective in teaching poetry writing. It provides an engaging learning experience and motivates students to be more active and creative. Thus, the use of image media is recommended as an innovative approach to enhance the quality of Indonesian language learning, particularly in developing poetry writing skills

Implementation of Learning Models Picture and Picture in Improving Indonesia Language Learning Outcomes "My Environtment" Material for School UPT 060822 Medan

Poppy Hasnah Harahap — 2025-12-28

This research is motivated by the low learning outcomes of Indonesian language of grade IV students of UPT SD Negeri 060822 Medan City on the material "My Surrounding Environment". The learning method that is still dominated by lectures causes students to be less active and unmotivated in the learning process. Therefore, this study aims to implement the Picture and Picture learning model to improve student learning outcomes. This study uses the Classroom Action Research (CAR) method with a repeated cycle design, consisting of planning, action, observation, and reflection stages. The subjects of the study were 20 fourth-grade students of UPT SD Negeri 060822 Medan City in the 2025-2026 academic year. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation, tests, and interviews, while data analysis used quantitative and qualitative approaches. The results of the study showed an increase in student learning outcomes. At the pretest stage (initial conditions), the average student score was 66.5 with a completion rate of 20%. After the application of the Picture and Picture model in cycle I, the average score increased to 74.5 with a completion percentage of 60%. In cycle II, the average score increased again to 87 with a completion percentage reaching 95%. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the application of the Picture and Picture model is effective in improving the Indonesian language learning outcomes of fourth-grade students. This model not only helps students' understanding through image media, but also encourages them to be more active in the learning process. Therefore, the Picture and Picture model is recommended to be applied in Indonesian language learning to improve student learning outcomes

Effectiveness of The Card Sort Method on Improving Reading Ability Initial Understanding Structure Text Indonesia Language Subject Procedures to Grade V Students of State Elementary School 060837 West Medan

Ruth Mevy Sitorus — 2025-12-28

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Card Sort method in improving reading ability of initial understanding of procedure text structure in grade V students of State Elementary School 060837, Medan Barat District, Medan City, Academic Year 2025-2026. The formulation of the problem in this study is: "Can the application of the Card Sort method improve the ability to read initial understanding of procedure text structure in students?" This study used the Classroom Action Research (CAR) method which was implemented in two cycles. Each cycle consists of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages. The subjects of the study were fifth grade students who were selected purposively. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively quantitatively. The results of the study showed a significant increase in students' reading ability. In cycle I, 35% of students understood the contents of the procedural text, while 65% did not understand. After improvements were made in cycle II, the number of students who understood the contents of the text increased to 80%, while those who did not understand decreased to 20%. In addition, other indicators of success also increased, such as students' ability to mention and explain characters in the text increased from 55% in cycle I to 75% in cycle II. Students' ability to find the main idea also increased, from 65% in cycle I to 82% in cycle II. Thus, the results of this study prove that the Card Sort method is effective in improving the ability to read the initial understanding of the structure of procedural texts. Therefore, this method is recommended to be applied in Indonesian language learning to improve students' understanding of procedural textsv

Correlation Between Digital-Based Learning Tools and Interest in Learning Indonesian Students of Class VI of UPT SDN 060849 West Medan

Juni Arpah — 2025-12-30

This study aims to analyze the correlation between digital-based learning tools and the interest in learning Indonesian among sixth-grade students at UPT SDN 060849, Medan Barat District, Medan City. The research method used is a quantitative approach with an associative research type. The research sample consisted of 31 students selected using a sampling technique based on the Isaac and Michael formula. The research instrument was a questionnaire whose validity and reliability had been tested using SPSS 22. The results of the validity test showed that 16 questions related to learning tools and 18 questions related to learning interests were declared valid. The reliability test using the Cronbach Alpha technique showed a value of 0.818 for learning tools and 0.899 for learning interests, which are categorized as very high. The results of the descriptive analysis showed that 53% of students agreed that the classroom had sufficient lighting, and 76% of students strongly agreed that the cleanliness of the classroom made them comfortable in learning. In addition, 59% of students strongly agreed that the classroom was always cleaned every day. In terms of learning interests, 71% of students showed a high interest in digital-based learning. The results of the hypothesis test using simple linear regression showed an r value of 0.654 and a coefficient of determination (R²) of 42.8%, indicating that digital-based learning tools have a positive and significant correlation with interest in learning Indonesian. Therefore, the better the digital facilities available, the higher the student's interest in learning. This study recommends improving digital tools in schools to optimize the Indonesian language learning process and providing teacher training in the use of educational technology

Application of The Problem Solving Learning Method in an Effort to Improve The Learning Outcomes of Indonesia Language Procedure Texts of Elementary Students

Julia Rahmadani — 2025-12-30

This research is motivated by the low learning outcomes of students' procedural texts in the Indonesian Language subject in grade V UPT SD Negeri 060874 Medan City. The learning process is still less active, which causes students to be less enthusiastic in learning. Many students tend to chat or play during lessons, so that the material is not conveyed optimally. This condition has an impact on low student grades in the Indonesian Language subject, especially in understanding and writing procedural texts. Therefore, this study aims to determine whether the application of the Problem Solving method can improve student learning outcomes in learning procedural texts. This study uses a Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach which is carried out in two cycles. Each cycle consists of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages. The subjects in this study were fifth grade students of UPT SD Negeri 060874 Medan City in the 2025-2026 Academic Year. Data were collected through observation of student activities during learning and learning outcome tests in each cycle to determine the improvements that occurred. The results showed that the application of the Problem Solving method can significantly improve student learning outcomes. In cycle I, the percentage of student learning completion reached 70%, while in cycle II it increased to 95%. Thus, there was an increase of 25% after the application of the Problem Solving method. This increase is also supported by changes in student behavior who are more active in learning, more focused on the material, and able to solve problems given in learning procedural texts. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the Problem Solving method is an effective learning strategy in improving student learning outcomes. Therefore, this method is recommended to be used in Indonesian language learning to increase student engagement and better learning outcomes

The Use of Powerpoint As An Instructional Media in Elementary Schools

Safrina Harahap — 2025-12-31

Instructional media is a crucial learning tool that every teacher must consider when implementing the teaching and learning process. The absence of media development in instruction can lead to monotonous and unengaging lessons, potentially causing student disinterest and reluctance to participate. Such a situation undoubtedly signifies a failure in the educational process. In facing the digital era and technological advancements, a teacher must be proficient in utilizing various multimedia for instruction. In this era, teachers should employ technology-based instructional media, such as the internet or Microsoft PowerPoint, when delivering material to students. Thus, the appropriate use of instructional media can enhance student motivation and learning effectiveness.

Developing Speaking Skills Through Folklore Stories In Indonesia Language Learning For Grade V Student SSPF Elementary School 106153 Klambir Lima Kebun Hamparan Perak

Irma Masithah — 2026-01-03

This study aims to improve the speaking skills of Grade V students through learning activities based on folktales. The method employed was Classroom Action Research (CAR) conducted in two cycles. Based on the background, the role of Indonesian language teaching in elementary schools, which emphasizes fundamental reading and writing skills, and the use of folktales are vital for enhancing students' speaking abilities. The objectives of this study are: (1) to determine whether folktale-based learning can enhance the speaking skills of Grade I students at UPT SPF State Elementary School 106153 Klambir Lima Kebun, (2) to explore students' motivation during folktale-based learning, and (3) to evaluate the effectiveness of this teaching method in improving classroom interaction. The research method employed was Classroom Action Research (CAR) implemented in two cycles. Each cycle consists of planning, action, observation, and reflection stages. The research findings revealed a significant improvement in students' speaking skills. In Cycle I, the average speaking skill score was 70, with a 60% mastery level (18 out of 30 students achieved the Minimum Competency Standard). After improvements were made in Cycle II, the average score increased to 85, with a 97% mastery level (29 out of 30 students achieved the Minimum Competency Standard). Additionally, students' active participation in the learning process improved, as indicated by the average teacher observation score, which increased from 3.0 in Cycle I to 3.8 in Cycle II. Based on these results, it can be concluded that folktale-based learning is effective in improving the speaking skills of Grade V students. The hypothesis was proven correct: learning through folktales enhances students' speaking skills while fostering their learning motivation and love for local culturev

Implementation of Big Book Fantasy Stories as a Medialearning in Improving Abilities Reading The Beginning for Students SDN 01 Rantau Selatan Labuhan Batu

Ade Mayrika Hutagalung — 2026-01-03

This study aims to analyze the implementation of Big Book learning media in improving the beginning reading skills of first-grade students at SDN 01 Rantau Selatan, Labuhan Batu Regency. The main problem raised in this study is the low beginning reading skills of students and the lack of use of interesting and effective learning media. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Big Book in improving students' reading skills. The research method used was a quantitative method with a pretest-posttest experimental design. The research sample consisted of 23 first-grade students selected using a saturated sampling technique. Data were collected through an beginning reading test given before and after treatment using Big Book media. The results showed a significant increase in students' beginning reading skills after the use of Big Book. The average pretest score of students was 48.69, with a standard deviation of 17.91, indicating that most students had low to moderate beginning reading skills. After being given treatment, the average posttest score increased to 69.13 with a standard deviation of 10.83, indicating an increase of 20.44 points. In addition, the distribution of score categories also experienced changes, where in the pretest only 17.39% of students were in the high category, while in the posttest it increased to 30.43%. The t-test results showed that the calculated t of 8.095 was greater than the t table, so it can be concluded that there was a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores after the application of Big Book media in early reading learning. Thus, this study proves that the use of Big Book media can significantly improve students' early reading skills

Efforts to Improve Poetry Writing Abilities by Implementing The Educational Game "Words Connect" for Students of SDN 06 Rantau Utara Labuhan Ratu Regency

Anna Derianna Rambe — 2026-01-05

This research is motivated by initial observations that indicate that sixth-grade students still experience difficulties in writing poetry, especially in word choice, use of figures of speech, and understanding the structure of poetry. This research was conducted at SDN 06 Rantau Utara, Labuhan Batu Regency in the 2025-2026 academic year. The research subjects were sixth-grade students. The research instruments used included observation sheets to observe student activities during learning and poetry writing skills tests (pre-test and post-test) to measure the improvement of students' poetry writing abilities. Data collection techniques used were observation, tests, and documentation of student work. Data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative analysis was carried out by comparing the average pre-test and post-test scores and the percentage of student completion in each cycle. Qualitative analysis was carried out by analyzing the results of observations and documentation to determine the processes and obstacles faced by students during learning. The results showed that the implementation of the "Sambung Kata" game can improve the poetry writing abilities of sixth-grade students at SDN 06 Rantau Utara. Quantitatively, there was an increase in the average poetry writing test score from cycle to cycle. This increase was also seen in the percentage of students who achieved learning completion. In cycle I, the percentage of students who completed was only 25%, but increased to 85% in cycle II. Qualitatively, the results of observations showed that students were more active and enthusiastic in participating in poetry writing learning after the implementation of the "Sambung Kata" game. They also appeared more creative in choosing words and using figures of speech in their poems. This game proved effective in improving students' vocabulary and word choice, which ultimately had an impact on improving poetry writing skills

The Implementation of the Know-Want-Learned (KWL) Learning Strategy Using Puzzle Media to Improve the Quality of Indonesian Language Learning for Grade VI Students at SD Negeri 30 Bilah Barat, Labuhan Batu Regency, Academic Year 2025-2026

Arika Ritonga — 2026-01-05

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the application of the Know Want Learned (KWL) learning strategy in improving the quality of Indonesian language learning through puzzle media for sixth grade students of SD Negeri 30 Bilah Barat, Labuhan Batu Regency, Academic Year 2025-2026. This type of research is Classroom Action Research (CAR) which is carried out in two cycles, each consisting of four stages: planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The subjects of this study were sixth grade students of SD Negeri 30 Bilah Barat, while the object of this research was improving the quality of Indonesian language learning, especially in the ability to understand narrative texts. The instruments used to collect data were observation sheets and written tests given to students. The results of the study showed that the application of the KWL strategy with puzzle media can improve the quality of Indonesian language learning. This can be seen from the increase in student learning activities recorded in cycle I by 72.5% and increased to 85.3% in cycle II. In addition, student learning outcomes also increased, which is reflected in test scores that showed classical completeness in cycle I by 70% and in cycle II reaching 88%. Thus, the implementation of the KWL strategy with puzzle media is not only able to increase students' learning activities, but also strengthen their understanding of the material being taught. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the implementation of the KWL strategy with puzzle media is effective in improving the quality of Indonesian language learning for sixth-grade students of SD Negeri 30 Bilah Barat, Labuhan Batu Regency, both in terms of learning activities and learning outcomes obtained

Social Dimension of Teacher-Students Interaction in Teaching English: CDA Approach

Esi Audya Usaida — 2026-01-07

This research is driven by the significant shift in teacher roles from primary information providers to facilitators within student-centered learning models, which inherently alters classroom social dynamics. The study aims to identify the types of social dimensions in teacher-student interactions, analyze their realization through a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) lens, understand the underlying ideologies, and compare theoretical frameworks with actual classroom implementation. Using a qualitative approach with Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) based on the theories of Teun A. van Dijk and Norman Fairclough, this study focuses on interactions in an eleventh-grade English class (Class XI Plus D) at SMA Negeri 1 Kutacane. Data were collected through observations of English teaching and learning sessions. The findings reveal four primary social dimensions: Power, Access, Dominance, and Control, which oscillate between hierarchical authority and collaborative engagement. While the teacher employs "soft power" and provides "access" to students, a "negotiated control" exists where the teacher remains the final arbiter, leading to a "mock democracy". The study concludes that a gap persists between the ideal student-centered model and practice, as interactions remain constrained by traditional patterns. Suggestions for future research include conducting longitudinal studies and incorporating "student voice" or multimodal analysis to gain a more holistic understanding of classroom power struggles

The Effect of Using Picture Word Puzzle Games on Reading Skills Students SDN 13 West Bilah Labuhan Batu

Lili Kurniati — 2026-01-08

This study aims to analyze the effect of using picture word puzzle games on the beginning reading skills of grade II students of SDN 13 Bilah Barat. The background of this study is based on the low beginning reading ability of students due to less varied and interesting learning methods. This study uses a quantitative approach with a One Group Pretest-Posttest Design, where the research subjects consisted of 22 grade II students. The research instruments were in the form of pretest and posttest tests, as well as observations during the learning process. The results of the data analysis showed that before the treatment, the average pretest score of students was 63.2, with only 36% of students achieving the Minimum Completion Criteria (KKM) of 70. After being given treatment using picture word puzzle games, the average posttest score increased to 81.4, with 86% of students achieving the KKM. Statistical analysis using the t-test showed that the t-count value (5.62) > t-table (2.08) at a significance level of 0.05, which means there was a significant difference before and after treatment. The results of this study indicate that picture word puzzle games have a positive and significant effect on students' early reading skills. With a more interactive approach, students become more motivated and active in learning. Therefore, the use of educational games such as picture word puzzles can be recommended as an alternative strategy in improving early reading skills in elementary schools

Efforts to Increase Interest in Reading Using Digital Comics as a Learning media Indonesia Language Subject SDN 19 Rantau Selatan Labuhan Batu Regency

Maradona Harahap — 2026-01-08

This study aims to determine the effect of using digital comic media on reading interest of fourth grade students of SDN 19 Rantau Selatan. The background of this study is the low interest in reading of students caused by the lack of interesting learning media. The research method used is a quantitative method with a quasi-experimental research design. The research sample consisted of two classes, namely the experimental class (IV-A) consisting of 26 students who used digital comics in learning and the control class (IV-B) consisting of 27 students who used conventional methods. The research instrument was a questionnaire that measured students' reading interest before and after treatment. The results of the study showed a significant increase in reading interest in the experimental class after the use of digital comics. The average reading interest score in the experimental class increased from 34.96 to 43.73, while in the control class the increase was not significant with an average of 34.44. The results of the t-test showed that the use of digital comics had a significant positive effect on increasing students' reading interest with a tcount = 5.548, which was greater than ttable = 1.675 at a significance level of 5%. Thus, this study concludes that digital comics are an effective learning medium in increasing elementary school students' reading interest. This study provides recommendations for teachers to utilize digital comics as an alternative in learning Indonesian to increase students' reading interest

Comparison of The Expository Approach and The Inquiry Approach in Improving Vocabulary Learning Outcomes Used by State Elementary School 10 South Rantau Labuhan Batu Regency

Maratimbo Harahap — 2026-01-10

This study aims to compare the effect of the expository approach and the inquiry approach in improving vocabulary learning outcomes in sixth-grade students of SD Negeri 10 Rantau Selatan, Labuhan Batu Regency, in the 2025-2026 academic year. Vocabulary is an important material in teaching Indonesian which is the focus of this study. The expository approach involves the presentation of teaching materials that have been neatly prepared by the teacher, while the inquiry approach focuses on learning that demands active student involvement through the discovery process. The research method used is an experiment with an objective test instrument totaling 40 questions given after students have participated in learning using both approaches.

This study aims to determine the differences in vocabulary learning outcomes of students taught using the expository approach and the inquiry approach. The results showed that the average value of vocabulary learning outcomes of students taught with the expository approach was 72.57, which can be categorized as good. Meanwhile, the learning outcomes of students taught with the inquiry approach obtained an average value of 85.07, which can be categorized as very good. Based on data analysis and statistical tests, there was a significant difference between the two approaches, where the inquiry approach showed a better increase in vocabulary learning outcomes by 17.22% compared to the expository approach. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of the inquiry approach is more effective in improving vocabulary learning outcomes of grade VI students of SD Negeri 10 Rantau Selatan, Labuhan Batu Regency in the 2025-2026 academic year

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Quizizz and Kahoot Gamification Learning Media on Improving Students' Conceptual Understanding: An Empirical Study at STKIP Budidaya Binjai

Poppy Hasnah Harahap — 2026-01-10

The transformation of digital era learning necessitates the adoption of educational technology that is responsive to the cognitive characteristics of contemporary students. This study explores the comparative effectiveness of the Quizizz and Kahoot gamification platforms in improving the conceptual understanding of STKIP Budidaya Binjai students. Using a quasi- experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group involving ninety (n=90) students distributed into three groups: experimental group 1 (Quizizz, n=30), experimental group 2 (Kahoot, n=30), and a control group (conventional method, n=30). The learning intervention was implemented for eight weeks in the Indonesian Language Learning Strategy course. Data collection instruments included a conceptual understanding test, an academic engagement questionnaire, and participant observation. Significant findings indicated that the Quizizz group showed a 34.7% increase in mean scores (from 62.3 to 84.0), the Kahoot group increased by 28.5% (from 61.8 to 79.4), while the control group only increased by 12.3% (from 63.1 to 70.9). Academic engagement showed that 87.3% of students in the Quizizz group and 83.7% in the Kahoot group reported high motivation compared to 54.2% in the control group. The distinguishing characteristics of the two platforms—self-paced, self-paced learning on Quizizz versus real-time competitive learning on Kahoot—resulted in different learning outcome profiles: Quizizz excelled in deep understanding and long-term retention, while Kahoot excelled in immediate recall and class enthusiasm. The study recommends strategic integration of the two platforms based on specific learning objectives and pedagogical contexts. Implications of the study indicate the need for institutional support in technological infrastructure and faculty professional development to optimize gamification-based learning

Correlation of Levels Indonesian Language Skill In Using Indonesian Sentence Structure With Achievement Motivation On Student Learning Outcomes SMP 2 Satap Pangkatan Labuhan Batu

Rahmaidani Siregar — 2026-01-12

The research problem in this study is: What is the correlation between the level of proficiency in using Indonesian sentence structures and achievement motivation on the learning outcomes of Grade VIII students at SMP Negeri 2 Satap Pangkatan, Labuhan Batu Regency, in the academic year 2025-2026? The purpose of this study is to determine the correlation between the level of proficiency in using Indonesian sentence structures and achievement motivation on the learning outcomes of Grade VIII students at SMP Negeri 2 Satap Pangkatan, Labuhan Batu Regency, in the academic year 2025-2026. This study employs a descriptive method with a correlation analysis technique. The population of this research includes all Grade VIII students of SMP Negeri 2 Satap Pangkatan in the academic year 2025-2026, totaling 60 students. The sample was taken as a total sampling (population study). The research instruments used were tests and questionnaires. Tests were employed to measure the proficiency in using Indonesian sentence structures and writing expository texts, while questionnaires were used to collect data on students' achievement motivation. The results of the study show a significant relationship between proficiency in using Indonesian sentence structures and achievement motivation on students' learning outcomes. At a 5% significance level, the ttt-test value exceeds the ttt-table value, thus accepting the hypothesis HaH_aHa. Therefore, proficiency in using Indonesian sentence structures has a positive correlation with expository writing skills, as does achievement motivation, which contributes to the learning outcomes of expository writing for Grade VIII students at SMP Negeri 2 Satap Pangkatan, Labuhan Batu Regency, in the academic year 2025-2026

Efforts To Improve Students' Learning Outcomes in Indonesian Language for Descriptive Text Material Using The "Guessing Style" Learning Method SDN 17 North Rantau Labuhan Batu

Sri Bunga — 2026-01-12

This study aims to determine the effect of the " Guess Style" learning method on students' learning outcomes in descriptive text material.The research questions in this study are:(1) Does the "Guess Style" learning method significantly affect students' learning outcomes in descriptive text material? (2) How significant is the difference in learning outcomes between students who use the " Guess Style" method and those who use conventional learning methods? This study was conducted at SDN 17 Rantau Utara, Labuhan Batu Regency, North Sumatra, during the 2025-2026 academic year. The results showed that before the treatment, the experimental class had an average pre-test score of 69.2, with a maximum score of 75 and a minimum score of 55, while the control class had an average pre-test score of 69.72, with a maximum score of 77 and a minimum score of 61. After the treatment, the experimental class's average post-test score increased to 80.2, with a maximum score of 95 and a minimum score of 70. Meanwhile, the control class obtained an average post-test score of 75.4, with a maximum score of 85 and a minimum score of 68. The percentage of students achieving the "Excellent" category (80-100) in the experimental class increased to 52%, while in the control class, it was only 24%. Hypothesis testing using a t-test showed that t_count = 2.668 was greater than t_table = 1.677 at a significance level of 0.05, leading to the rejection of H₀ and acceptance of Hₐ. This proves that the " Guess Style" method has a significant effect on improving students' learning outcomes compared to conventional methods. It can be concluded that the " Tebak Gaya" learning method is more effective in enhancing students' understanding of descriptive text material, as well as increasing students' active participation and interest in learning the Indonesian language

Implementation of Group Discussion Learning Method Through The Two Stay Two Stray Learning Model to Student of Elementary School 10 South Rantau Labuhan Batu

Rahma Ritonga — 2026-01-15

The application of the Two Stay Two Stray learning model can help students become more active during learning and better master the problems discussed. Two Stay Two Stray is a cooperative learning model that provides an opportunity for groups to share results and information with other groups. This model teaches students to actively discuss in groups and work together to discuss a problem. In this cooperative learning, learning groups are formed heterogeneously, both in terms of academic ability, gender, race, ethnicity, and so on, so that each group member can help each other, both in receiving and providing assistance. The emphasis is not only on completing tasks, but also on developing interpersonal relationships that are mutually respectful. Based on the results of the study, discussion activities using the Two Stay Two Stray learning model showed maximum results. Students showed significant improvements in aspects of courage, enthusiasm, clarity of speech, and sentence structure during discussions. They were also able to express opinions accompanied by rational reasons. The improvement in discussion results can be seen from the comparison of students' abilities before and after the implementation of the action. At the pre-action stage, students' discussion ability scores were still relatively low. Students looked passive, shy, and less active in discussions. They also lacked the courage to convey ideas or arguments and were less fluent in speaking. After being subjected to the action, students' abilities increased significantly. The results of this study indicate that the Two Stay Two Stray learning model has a positive influence on group discussion skills in the Indonesian Language subject. This model is effective in improving the discussion skills of fifth grade students of SD Negeri 10 Rantau Selatan, Labuhan Batu Regency, 2025-2026 Academic Year

Activating The Capacity of Deconstruction of Long Narrative Texts Through Cinematic-Auditory Hibrida Media: An Empirical Study of The Analysis of The Novel "Bumi Manusia" in Intermediate School

Vitania Barantika Delly Yanti — 2026-01-15

Literary appreciation learning in the context of long texts faces substantial challenges in the form of limited instructional time, decreased student concentration capacity, and the absence of alternative media that can convert long narrative complexity into accessible representations. This study explores the use of a synergistic combination of visual cinematic media and auditory narrative in learning the structural analysis of Pramoedya Ananta Toer's novel Bumi Manusia (This Earth of Mankind) among a population of eleventh-grade students in general secondary education. Using a qualitative-descriptive investigative approach involving thirty-two (n=32) students, the study explores the phenomenon of narrative comprehension reconstruction, penetration of the novel's constitutive elements, and transformation of analytical comprehensiveness after exposure to the first and second parts of the audiobook series from the YouTube platform. Significant findings indicate that the combined visual-auditory medium produces an accuracy of identification of complex narrative elements reaching 95% in the categories of characters, socio-historical settings, and psychological changes of the protagonist. The methodological aspects of hybrid medium-based learning show a significant increase in participants' capabilities for close reading and layered interpretation of polysemic thematic substances. Seventy-eight percent of participants achieved a deep level of analysis, integrating the sociopolitical context of the work with the narrative dimension at a sophisticated level. The study's conclusions recommend adopting a hybrid media approach as a valid and efficient pedagogical strategy for teaching long-form novels, particularly in educational settings with limited raditional learning infrastructure. The study's implications highlight the need for collaboration between the digital content industry and educational institutions to produce learning media that meet pedagogical standards and are economically accessible

The Crisis of Adab in Generation Z’s Social Interactions: Challenges and Urgency

Nur Asyah — 2026-01-16

Generation Z has grown up in the digital era marked by the massive dominance of social media and communication technologies. This phenomenon has significantly transformed patterns of social interaction—including attitudes, manners, and interpersonal communication ethics—often characterized by a decline in adab (ethical conduct) and face-to-face social skills. This study aims to identify the characteristics of the adab crisis in Generation Z’s social interactions, and examine the urgency of addressing this issue within the contexts of education and character development. A literature review method was employed to synthesize findings from recent empirical studies. The results indicate that the dominance of digital interactions contributes to a decline in meaningful interpersonal communication skills, while the need for adab education and soft skills development has become increasingly urgent. Theoretically, this study enriches the discourse on adab as a dynamic and contextual social construct in the digital era. Adab can no longer be understood solely in a normative–traditional sense but must be positioned as an adaptive social competence responding to contemporary changes. Practically, the findings provide a strong foundation for developing educational and guidance interventions—particularly through humanistic approaches and group guidance—as effective strategies for revitalizing adab in Generation Z’s social interactions

The Social Dimension of Teacher Student Interaction in English Teaching

Zahara Safrina Aini Lubis — 2026-01-17

This qualitative research investigates the social dimensions, power relations, and underlying ideologies in teacher-student interaction within the English classroom at MTS PP Al-Qomariyah. Despite the curriculum shift toward a student-centered approach, there is a potential for unintentional power imbalances and ideological influences that limit student exploration. This study aims to identify the social dimensions (social norms, status, roles, and power) and understand the influence of underlying learning ideologies. The research employed a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) methodology, utilizing Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework. Participants were the English teacher and Grade IX students at the school. Data were collected through classroom observation and analysis of interaction transcripts, with analysis focused on connecting discourse to ideology and social practice. The findings reveal that the classroom interaction is primarily shaped by an Asymmetrical Hierarchy rooted in the Pesantren (Islamic boarding school) context. This hierarchy is constantly reinforced by Hegemonic Values such as Adab (etiquette) and Kepatuhan (obedience), which manifest linguistically through formal address. Furthermore, the underlying ideology is dual: Instrumental (English as a technical tool) and Normative (requiring content to be filtered by religious/cultural values). In conclusion, the traditional institutional context strongly impacts modern pedagogical roles. The study recommends implementing practical strategies to democratize classroom discourse and foster a more empowering, inclusive learning environment

Development of Poetry Writing Materials Based on Learning Videos in UPTD SDN 017135 Sengon Sari

Novi Suryanti Indrayani — 2026-01-20

This research aims toTo find out the results of developing poetry writing material based on learning videos that can motivate fifth grade students at UPTD SDN 017135 SENGON SARI. In addition, to find out the validation of the development of poetry writing material based on learning videos by fifth grade students at UPTD SDN 017135 SENGON SARI and to find out the effectiveness of poetry writing material based on learning videos by fifth grade students at UPTD SDN 017135 SENGON SARI in the 2024-2025 academic year. This study uses the Sugiono model development method (Research & Development), with the subject of this poetry writing material being the validator. The assessment is carried out with a validation system that has been designed by the researcher. The validators in this study are material expert lecturers and learning video experts at UMN ALWASHLIYAH MEDAN. The subjects of this study are fifth grade students at UPTD SDN 017135 SENGOAN SARI in the 2024-2025 academic year. The validation results by students, class teachers and a team of material and video experts obtained a score of 100% categorized as good. The poetry writing teaching material is also effectively used in UPTD SDN 017135 SENGON SARI, with the category before the development of this material, students were unable to create free poetry with the category of less able, then improved to good after this development product was used in learning to write free poetry

Analysis of Language Errors in The Writing Aspect of Observation Report Texts Students at MTS Pancasila

Susi Susanty Siregar — 2026-01-20

This study aims to analyze the language errors contained in the observation report texts (LHO) of class VII A students of MTS Pancasila Tanjung Beringin and identify the causal factors to improve the quality of writing learning. This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods and document analysis study types. The research data are in the form of 24 observation report texts written by class VII A students. The study found a total of 847 language errors from 24 essays (an average of 35.3 errors per essay). The distribution of errors based on category is: (1) punctuation errors 287 errors (33.9%); (2) sentence structure errors 180 errors (21.3%); (3) spelling errors 156 errors (18.4%); (4) diction errors 154 errors (18.2%); and (5) cohesion-coherence errors 70 errors (8.3%). The most dominant type of error was the use of commas (156 errors, 18.4% of the total), followed by subject-predicate mismatch (67 errors, 7.9%), and inappropriate word choice (89 errors, 10.5%). Analysis of the causes of errors revealed that errors were mainly caused by: (1) pedagogical factors (40%) - minimal emphasis on learning punctuation and sentence structure; (2) psycholinguistic factors (30%) - limited working memory and lack of attention when writing; (3) intralingual error (20%) - imperfect mastery of Indonesian language rules; and (4) interlingual error and sociolinguistic factors (10%) - the influence of everyday language and regional languages. Grade VII A students still experienced a high level of language errors in writing observation report texts, especially in the aspects of punctuation and sentence structure. The results can serve as a basis for teachers to design more targeted remediation programs and improve the overall quality of writing instruction