Reconstruction of The Principle of Proportionality In The Use of Artificial Intelligence-Based Weapons Systems Based on International Humanitarian Law
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The development of artificial intelligence (AI) in weapons systems has transformed the decision-making process in armed conflict, particularly in the stages of target identification, target verification, estimation of losses to civilians, and the use of force. These changes raise questions about the application of the principle of proportionality in International Humanitarian Law, which essentially requires an assessment of the anticipated incidental losses to civilians and civilian objects against concrete and direct military advantages. This study aims to analyze the legal construction of the principle of proportionality in the use of AI-based weapons systems, identify the problems of its application, and formulate a reconstruction of the principle of proportionality that can guarantee humanitarian protection amidst the development of modern weapons technology. This study employs normative legal research methods combining legislative, conceptual, and case approaches. The research results show that the principle of proportionality remains applicable to the use of artificial intelligence-based weapons systems through various provisions of International Humanitarian Law, including Article 36, Article 51 paragraph (5) letter b, and Article 57 of Additional Protocol I of 1977. The applicable legal construction still faces limitations in providing operational parameters for decision-making algorithms, system uncertainty, automation bias, opacity, dynamic changes in situations, and the limits of human control in the proportionality assessment process. This research offers a Dynamic Human-Controlled Proportionality Model that puts human legal judgment, explainable decision-making, dynamic reassessment, uncertainty-based civilian protection, and traceable human responsibility as the key elements of reconstructing the principle of proportionality in the use of artificial intelligence-based weapons systems.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Alamsyah, Y. A. (2024). Penggunaan Persenjataan Modern Dalam Konflik Bersenjata Ditinjau Dari Prinsip Hukum Humaniter Dan Hukum Islam. Sanskara Hukum dan HAM, 3(01), 24-33.
Ardi, M. F. (2026). KONTROL MANUSIA BERMAKNA DALAM PENGATURAN SENJATA OTONOM MEMATIKAN. Journal Justice Idea, 1(2), 105-116.
Djojosugito, M. A. (2025). Sistem Senjata Otonom, Kecerdasan Buatan Militer, dan Imperasi Kontrol Manusia yang Bermakna: Sebuah Tinjauan Literatur. Indonesian Journal of Innovation Multidisipliner Research, 3(4), 1-10.
Erika, K. S. (2025). Pemetaan Elemen Artificial Intelligence Sesuai Tiga Struktur Pertahanan: Operational, Tactical, Dan Strategic. Jurnal Ilmiah Global Education, 6(4), 3273-3288.
Hariadi, W. &. (2025). Tinjauan Hukum Humaniter Internasional Terhadap Implementasi Asas Kepentingan Militer Dalam Konflik Bersenjata Untuk Melindungi Penduduk Sipil. Cakrawala Hukum: Majalah Ilmiah Fakultas Hukum Universitas Wijayakusuma, 27(2), 21-26.
Imasfy, M. A. (2025). Kajian hukum humaniter internasional mengenai perang siber dalam kaitannya dengan serangan infrastruktur kritis. Jurnal sosial dan sains, 5(5), 1386-1399.
Irawan, D. E. (2025). Analisis bibliometrik peran Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) dalam sistem kecerdasan buatan pada tahun 2020–2025. Jurnal Informatika dan Komputasi: Media Bahasan, Analisa dan Aplikasi, 19(1), 58-69.
Kom, A. Z. (2025). Penerapan Artificial Intelligence (AI) pada Peralatan Militer. Purbalingga: CV Eureka Media Aksara.
Meir, M. G. (2025). PENERAPAN PRINSIP PEMBEDAAN DAN PROPORSIONALITAS DALAM PERANG SIBER: STUDI KASUS KONFLIK BERSENJATA RUSIA–UKRAINA. Jurnal Media Akademik (Jma), 3(12).
Ordiyasa, I. W. (2026). Dasar-Dasar Algoritma AI. Jambi: PT. Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia.
Prabowo, S. H. (2025). Analisis Yuridis Konsepsi Ideal Pengaturan Artificial Intelegence di Tingkat Internasional oleh Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Literasi Hukum, 9(2), 77-98.
Pribadi, Y. M. (2026). THE 2023 UNITED STATES–IRAQ CONFLICT REVIEWED FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF LEADERSHIP AND STRUGGLE, AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE INDONESIAN NAVY. Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management Research, 7(2), 116-126.
Putri, K. L. (2024). Penggunaan AI terhadap otomatisasi senjata dalam konflik bersenjata: Tinjauan hukum humaniter internasional. Jurnal Locus Delicti, 5(2), 1-25.
Richoawan, I. D. (2026). PERLINDUNGAN WARGA SIPIL DALAM KONFLIK BERSENJATA TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN DRONE TEMPUR DAN SISTEM SENJATA BERBASIS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. NUSANTARA: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, 13(2), 497-510.
Robbins, S. (2024). The many meanings of meaningful human control. AI and Ethics, 4(4), 1377-1388.
Sari, I. (2021). Tinjauan Yuridis Hubungan Kejahatan Perang Dan Hukum Humaniter Internasional. Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum Dirgantara, 11(2).
Subrata, M. P. (2025). DINAMIKA PENEGAKAN HUKUM HUMANITER DALAM PERANG ASIMETRIS: STUDI ATAS TANTANGAN DAN IMPLIKASI NORMATIF DI KONFLIK MODERN. Jurnal Kebijakan Reformasi Hukum, 9(5).
Tinambunan, D. T. (2026). Menuju National Maritime Intelligence Center Indonesia: Arsitektur Maritime Fusion Center Berbasis Artificial Intelligence Untuk Mendukung Pengambilan Keputusan Strategis Keamanan Maritim Nasional. Journal Keamanan dan Keselamatan Maritim, 1(2), 418-443.
Widayanti, I. G. (2019). Penggunaan Tentara Anak Dalam Konflik Bersenjata Ditinjau Dari Perspektif Hukum Humaniter Internasional (Studi Kasus: Konflik Bersenjata di Sri Lanka). Jurnal Komunitas Yustisia, 2(2), 124-133.
Yusuf, F. A. (2026). Menakar Kepatuhan Hukum Humaniter: Analisis Prinsip Distinction Dan Proportionality Konflik Israel Palestina. LEGAL DIALOGICA, 1(2).