Thyroid imbalance and hypothyroidism: A review

https://doi.org/10.55299/ijphe.v4i1.1046

Authors

  • Afrida Hasan Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
  • Md. Rabby Hasan Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
  • Rehnuma Jafreen Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh

Keywords:

Hypothyroidism, Thyroid gland, Iodine, Hormone, Menstrual cycle, Infertility, Diagnosis

Abstract

Hypothyroidism, which occurs when the thyroid gland in the neck is unable to produce enough thyroid hormone to fulfill the body's demands, is one of the most common disorders in the world. This can lead to heart problems, infertility, and poor brain development in infants. A person's quality of life may be impacted by hypothyroidism if they have depressed symptoms, weariness, weakness, and weight fluctuations. An inadequate consumption of iodine through diet is the main cause of hypothyroidism in developing countries. Therefore, iodizing salt is a common approach made by many countries to increase iodine consumption. This review discuss about the gland, position, hormone, features of hypothyroidism.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Almandoz, J. P., & Gharib, H. (2012). Hypothyroidism: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management.

Medical Clinics, 96(2), 203–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MCNA.2012.01.005

Ansari, M. A. J. (2015). Thyroid disorders in Bangladesh- Past, Present and Future. Journal of Dhaka Medical College, 23(2), 151–152. https://doi.org/10.3329/jdmc.v23i2.25323

Bashir Rather, A., Services Kashmir, H., Rouf Hussain Rather, I., Insha Latif Registrar GMC Srinagar, I., Mohsin Rashid, I., Hussain Parray, A., Hussain Rather, R., Latif, I., & Rashid,

M. (2019). Knowledge, awareness and practices (KAP) among patients of hypothyroidism in rural population: An observational study. International Journal of Applied Research, 5(3), 107–110.

Behavioral and Psychiatric Aspects of Hypothyroidism - Werner & Ingbar’s The Thyroid: A Fundamental & Clinical Text, 9th Edition. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2022, from https://doctorlib.info/medical/thyroid/75.html

Brent, G. A. (2012). Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action. In Journal of Clinical Investigation (Vol. 122, Issue 9, pp. 3035–3043). American Society for Clinical Investigation. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI60047

Chakera, A. J., Pearce, S. H. S., & Vaidya, B. (2012). Treatment for primary hypothyroidism: Current approaches and future possibilities. In Drug Design, Development and Therapy (Vol. 6, pp. 1–11). Dove Press. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S12894

Chiovato, L., Magri, F., & Carlé, A. (2019). Hypothyroidism in Context: Where We’ve Been and Where We’re Going. In Advances in Therapy (Vol. 36, Issue 2, pp. 47–58). Springer Healthcare. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-019-01080-8

Davis, L. E., Leveno, K. J., & Gary Cunningham, F. (1988). Hypothyroidism complicating pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 72(1), 108–112. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053- 193211000-00022

Doufas, A. G., & Mastorakos, G. (2000). The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis and the Female Reproductive System. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 900(1), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1749-6632.2000.TB06217.X

Fernandez-Ruocco, J., Gallego, M., Rodriguez-De-Yurre, A., Zayas-Arrabal, J., Echeazarra, L., Alquiza, A., Fernández-López, V., Rodriguez-Robledo, J. M., Brito, O., Schleier, Y., Sepulveda, M., Oshiyama, N. F., Vila-Petroff, M., Bassani, R. A., Medei, E. H., & Casis, O. (2019). High Thyrotropin Is Critical for Cardiac Electrical Remodeling and Arrhythmia Vulnerability in Hypothyroidism. Thyroid, 29(7), 934–945. https://doi.org/10.1089/THY.2018.0709/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/FIGURE6.JPEG

Floriani, C., Gencer, B., Collet, T. H., & Rodondi, N. (2018). Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases: 2016 update. In European Heart Journal (Vol. 39, Issue 7, pp. 503–507). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx050

Głombik, K., Detka, J., Kurek, A., & Budziszewska, B. (2020). Impaired Brain Energy Metabolism: Involvement in Depression and Hypothyroidism. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 1239. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.586939

Goel, A., Shivaprasad, C., Kolly, A., Pulikkal, A. A., Boppana, R., & Dwarakanath, C. S. (2017). Frequent Occurrence of Faulty Practices, Misconceptions and Lack of Knowledge among Hypothyroid Patients. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR, 11(7), OC15.

https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2017/29470.10196

Hueston, W. J. (2001). Treatment of Hypothyroidism. American Family Physician, 64(10), 1717–1725.

Hypothyroidism: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Medication. (2022). https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12120-hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid): Symptoms, Causes, Tests, Treatments. (2020). https://www.webmd.com/women/hypothyroidism-underactive-thyroid-symptoms-causes- treatments

Kalra, S., Das, A. K., Bajaj, S., Saboo, B., Khandelwal, D., Tiwaskar, M., Agarwal, N., Gupta, P., Sahay, R., Aggarwal, S., Ghosh, S., Negalur, V., Unnikrishnan, A. G., Bantwal, G., Aggarwal, R., Chaudhari, H., & Mulgaonkar, N. (2018). Diagnosis and Management of Hypothyroidism: Addressing the Knowledge–Action Gaps. Advances in Therapy 2018 35:10, 35(10), 1519–1534. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12325-018-0744-7

Kostoglou-Athanassiou, I., & Ntalles, K. (2010). Hypothyroidism - New aspects of an old disease. In Hippokratia (Vol. 14, Issue 2, pp. 82–87). Hippokratio General Hospital of Thessaloniki. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95721

Kumar, P., Khandelwal, D., Mittal, S., Dutta, D., Kalra, S., Katiyar, P., & Aggarwal, V. (2017). Knowledge, Awareness, Practices and Adherence to Treatment of Patients with Primary Hypothyroidism in Delhi. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 21(3), 429. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJEM.IJEM_49_17

Mandel, S. J., Brent, G. A., & Larsen, P. R. (1993). Levothyroxine therapy in patients with thyroid disease. In Annals of Internal Medicine (Vol. 119, Issue 6, pp. 492–502). https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-119-6-199309150-00009

Mathew, V., Misgar, R. A., Ghosh, S., Mukhopadhyay, P., Roychowdhury, P., Pandit, K., Mukhopadhyay, S., & Chowdhury, S. (2011). Myxedema coma: A new look into an old crisis. In Journal of Thyroid Research (Vol. 2011). https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/493462

Mullur, R., Liu, Y. Y., & Brent, G. A. (2014). Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism.

Physiological Reviews, 94(2), 355–382. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00030.2013

Negro, R., & Mestman, J. H. (2011). Thyroid disease in pregnancy. In Best Practice and Research: Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (Vol. 25, Issue 6, pp. 927–943). Bailliere Tindall Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2011.07.010

Patil, A. (2014). Link between hypothyroidism and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 18(3), 307. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230- 8210.131155

Prasanna G, V. D., Sm, S., & Sundaram R, S. (2020). Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding hypothyroidism among infertile women with hypothyroidism. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 68–72. https://doi.org/10.22159/AJPCR.2020.V13I9.38401

Rastogi, M. V., & LaFranchi, S. H. (2010). Congenital hypothyroidism. In Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases (Vol. 5, Issue 1, p. 17). BioMed Central. https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1172- 5-17

Salerno, M., Capalbo, D., Cerbone, M., & De Luca, F. (2016). Subclinical hypothyroidism in

childhood — current knowledge and open issues. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 2016 12:12, 12(12), 734–746. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2016.100

Sanyal, D., & Raychaudhuri, M. (2016). Hypothyroidism and obesity: An intriguing link. In Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Vol. 20, Issue 4, pp. 554–557). https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.183454

Scale, V. A., & Index, N. D. (2011). in C Er Ig E. 47(3), 381–390.

Sethi, B., Khandelwal, D., & Vyas, U. (2018). A cross-sectional survey to assess knowledge, attitude, and practices in patients with hypothyroidism in India. Thyroid Research and Practice, 15(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.4103/TRP.TRP_25_17

Tayde, P. S., Bhagwat, N. M., Sharma, P., Sharma, B., Dalwadi, P. P., Sonawane, A., Subramanyam, A., Chadha, M., & Varthakavi, P. K. (2017). Hypothyroidism and depression: Are cytokines the link? Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 21(6), 886–892. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijem.IJEM_265_17

Thyroid dysfunction and subfertility - PMC. (n.d.). Retrieved September 14, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4724596/

Thyroid Hormone: What It Is & Function. (n.d.). Retrieved October 2, 2022, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22391-thyroid-hormone

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Pathway: Step-By-Step Flow Chart — EZmed. (2022). https://www.ezmedlearning.com/blog/thyroid-hormone-synthesis-steps-pathway

Zhao, T., Chen, B. M., Zhao, X. M., & Shan, Z. Y. (2018). Subclinical hypothyroidism and depression: a meta-analysis. Translational Psychiatry, 8(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-018-0283-7

Published

2024-09-03

How to Cite

Hasan, A., Hasan, M. R., & Jafreen, R. (2024). Thyroid imbalance and hypothyroidism: A review. International Journal of Public Health Excellence (IJPHE), 4(1), 151–162. https://doi.org/10.55299/ijphe.v4i1.1046