The Role of Family Support Towards Perinatal Depression in Medan
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Perinatal depression, commonly known as postpartum depression, is a serious complication of childbirth that can have significant adverse effects on both the mother and baby. It typically occurs 4-6 weeks after giving birth. Mothers require family and social support to cope with stress during the postpartum period, which is caused by sudden hormonal changes that affect mood swings, the burden of household work, and caring for the baby and mother. This can result in fatigue and lack of sleep. The research aims to analyze the impact of family and social support on the occurrence of depression. The study employed an analytical observational method with a cross-sectional approach to examine the population of postpartum mothers aged 0-6 weeks in the Sukoharjo District Health Service work area. The sample size consisted of 160 respondents selected through Multistage Random Sampling. The study utilized family support questionnaires, social support, and EPDS (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) as instruments. Logistic regression and Odd Ratio were used for data analysis. The data analysis results for family support yielded a P-value of 0.027 < (0.05) and an OR value of 5.787. The analysis for social support resulted in a P-value of 0.025 < (0.05) and an OR value of 5.693. These results indicate a significant influence of family and social support on the occurrence of DEPRESSION. Mothers who lack family and social support are at a higher risk of experiencing DEPRESSION, with a risk 5.787 and 5.693 times higher, respectively. Healthcare professionals should prioritize the significance of family and social support for postpartum mothers, providing both emotional and technical assistance. This includes aiding mothers in caring for their babies, self-care, and household tasks to mitigate the risk of postpartum depression.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Anggarini, I. A. (2019) ‘Factors Relating of Postpartum Depression in Independent Practices of Midwife Misni Herawati, Husniyati and Soraya’, Jurnal Kebidanan, 8(2), pp. 94–104. doi: 10.26714/jk.8.2.2019.94-104.
Arieska, P. K. and Herdiani, N. (2018) ‘Pemilihan Teknik Sampling Berdasarkan Perhitungan Efisiensi Relatif’, Jurnal Statistika, 6(2), pp. 166–171. Available at: https://jurnal.unimus. ac.id/index.php/statistik/article/view/4322/4001.
Asselmann, E. et al. (2020) ‘Maternal personality, social support, and changes in depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms during pregnancy and after delivery: A prospectivelongitudinal study’, PLoS ONE, 15(8 August), pp. 1–18. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0237609
Bloch M, Schmidt PJ, Danaceau M, Mur- phy J, Nieman L, Rubinow DR. Effects of gonadal steroids in women with a his tory of postpartum depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(10831472):924–930. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.6.924
Brown JD, Harris SK, Woods ER, et al. 2012. A longitudinal study of depressive symptoms and social support in adoles- cent mothers. Matern Child Health J; 16: 894-901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0814-9
Buckwalter JG, Stanczyk FZ, McCleary CA, et al. Pregnancy, the postpartum, and steroid hormones: effects on cogni tion and mood. Psychoneuroendocrinol- ogy. 1999;24(10098220):69–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4530(98)00044-4
Caroline Davidge-Pitts, MBBCH, Bruce McEwen, PHD, Robert Sapolsky, PHD. Stress and Your Health. Hormone Health Network. https://www.hor- mone.org/your-health-and-hor- mones/stress-and-your-health.
Cristescu, T, Behrman, S, Jones, SV. 2015. Be vigilant for perinatal mental health problems. Practitioner; 259(1780): 19–232 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26062269/
Da Costa D, Dritsa M, Rippen N, Low- ensteyn I, Khalife S. 2006. Health-re- lated quality of life in postpartum de- pressed women. Arch Women's Ment Health.;9(2):95–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-005-0108-6
Dennis CL, Hodnett E, Kenton L, Weston J, Zupancic J, Stewart DE, Kiss A. 2009. Effect of peer support on prevention of postnatal depression among high-risk women: multisite randomized controlled trial. BMJ. Jan 15;338:a3064. doi: 10.1136/BMJ.a3064.
Desta, M. et al. (2021) ‘Postpartum depression and its association with intimate partner violence and inadequate social support in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, Journal of Affective Disorders, 279, pp. 737–748. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.053.
Dewi, Y. R. (2022) Efektifitas Pemberian Psikoedukasi Tentang Depresi Perinatal Untuk Meningkatkan Pengetahuan Bidan Dalam Penanganan Depresi Perinatal Di Kecamatan Balen Kabupaten Bojonegoro. Universitas Airlangga. Available at: https://repository. unair.ac.id/106600/.
Dirgayunita, A. (2016) ‘Depresi: Ciri, Penyebab dan Penangannya’, Journal An-Nafs: Kajian Penelitian Psikologi, 1(1), pp. 1–14. doi: 10.33367/psi.v1i1.235.
Falah-Hassani K, Shiri R, Dennis CL. 2016. Prevalence and risk factors for comorbid postpartum depressive symp- tomatology and anxiety. J Affect Disord; 198: 142–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.010
Gjerdingen, D., McGovern, P., Attana- sio, L., Johnson, P. J., & Kozhimannil, K.B. 2014. Maternal depressive symp- toms, employment, and social support. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine: JABFM, 27(1), 87–96. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2014.01.130126.
Halima, S., Supriyadi, S. and Deniati, E. N. (2022) ‘Dukungan Sosial Terhadap Kejadian Baby Blues di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Krejengan Kabupaten Probolinggo’, Sport Science and Health, 4(3), pp. 219–228. doi: 10.17977/um062v4i32022p219-228.
Haryanto, Wahyuningsih, H. D. and Nandiroh, S. (2015) ‘Sistem Deteksi Gangguan Depresi pada Anak - Anak dan Remaja’, Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Industri, 14(2), pp. 142–152. Available at: http://journals.ums.ac.id/index.php/jiti/article/view/998/998
Hastanti, H., Budiono and Febriyana, N. (2021) ‘Primigravida Memiliki Kecemasan Yang Lebih Saat Kehamilan’, Indonesian Midwifery and Health Sciences Journal, 3(2), pp. 167–178. doi: 10.20473/imhsj.v3i2.2019.167-178.
Heidrich A, Schleyer M, Spingler H, et al. Postpartum blues: relationship between not-protein bound steroid hormones in plasma and postpartum mood changes. J Affect Disord. 1994;30(8201129):93– 98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(94)90036-1
Hendrick V, Altshuler LL, Suri R. Hormo- nal changes in the postpartum and im- plications for postpartum depression. Psychosomatics. 1998;39(2):93–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3182(98)71355-6
Huang, Y. et al. (2021) ‘Family function fully mediates the relationship between social support and perinatal depression in rural Southwest China’, BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), pp. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03155-9.
Idaiani, S. et al. (2017) ‘Characteristics and Socioeconomic Factors on Perinatal Depression among Mothers and Infants in Three Primary Health Centers in Jakarta and Bogor’, Health Science Journal of Indonesia, 8(2), pp. 88–94. doi: 10.22435/hsji.v8i2.7371.88-94.
Johansson, M., Benderix, Y. and Svensson, I. (2020) ‘Mothers’ and fathers’ lived experiences of postpartum depression and parental stress after childbirth: a qualitative study’, International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 15(1). doi: 10.1080/17482631.2020.1722564
Juwarni, S. (2015) Asuhan Kehamilan Dalam Perspektif Budaya Jawa Di Desa Labuhan Labo Kecamatan Padangsidimpuan Tenggara Kota Padangsidimpuan. sumatera utara. doi: 10.1145/3132847.3132886.
Li, Y. and Long, Z. (2016) ‘Social support and depression across the perinatal period: A longitudinal study’, International Journal of Laboratory Hematology, 38(1), pp. 42–49. doi: 10.1111/ijlh.12426.
Mahiti, G. R. et al. (2017) ‘Perceptions about the cultural practices of male partners during postpartum care in rural Tanzania: A qualitative study’, Global Health Action, 10(1). doi: 10.1080/16549716.2017.1361184.
Milgrom J, Hirshler Y, Reece J, Holt C, Gemmill AW. 2019. Social Support-A Protective Factor for Depressed Perina- tal Women?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16, 1426; doi:10.3390/ijerph16081426.
Misri, S, Reebye, P, Kendrick, K. 2006. Internalizing behaviours in 4-year-old children exposed in utero to psycho- tropic medications. Am J Psychiatry; 163(6): 1026–1032. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.6.1026
Na’im, N. J. (2010) ‘Hubungan Dukungan Keluarga Dengan Tingkat Kecemasan Ibu Primipara Menghadapi Persalinan Di Puskesmas Pamulang Kota Tangerang Selatan’, Jurnal Keperawatan Anak, 44(August), pp. 1–128. Available at: http://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/ dspace/handle/123456789/941.
Niel, M. S. Van and Payne, J. L. (2020) ‘Perinatal depression: A review’, Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 87(5), pp. 273–277. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.87a.19054.
Ningrum, S. P. (2017) ‘Faktor-Faktor Psikologis yang Mempengaruhi Postpartum Blues’, Psympathic : Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 4(2), pp. 205–218. doi: 10.15575/psy.v4i2.1589.
Norhayati, MN, Nik Hazlina, NH, Asrenee, AR. 2014. Magnitude and risk factors for postpartum symptoms: a liter- ature review. J Affect Disord; 175: 34– 52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.041
O’Hara MW, Schlechte JA, Lewis DA, Varner MW. Controlled prospective study of postpartum mood disorders: psychological, environmental, and hor- monal variables. J Abnorm Psychol. 1991;100(1):63–73. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843x.100.1.63
O’Hara, MW, Wisner, KL. 2014. Perinatal mental illness: definition, description and aetiology. Best Pract Res Clin Ob- stet Gynaecol; 28(1): 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.09.002
Oberlander, TF, Reebye, P, Misri, S. 2007. Externalizing and attentional be- haviours in children of depressed moth- ers treated with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant during pregnancy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med; 161(1): 22–29. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.161.1.22
Pao, C. et al. (2019) ‘Postpartum Depression and Social Support in a Racially and Ethnically Diverse Population of Women’, Physiology & behavior, 176(3), pp. 139–148. doi: 10.1007/ s00737-018-0882-6.Postpartum.
Racine, N. et al. (2020) ‘Perinatal depression: The role of maternal adverse childhood experiences and social support’, Journal of Affective Disorders, 263, pp. 576–581. doi: 10.1016/j. jad.2019.11.030.
Sichel DA, Cohen LS, Robertson LM, Ruttenberg A, Rosenbaum JF. Prophy- lactic estrogen in recurrent postpartum affective disorder. Biol Psychia- try.1995;38(8750040):814–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(95)00063-1
Urbayatun, Siti. 2010. Gambaran Ting- kat Depresi pada Ibu Post Partum di RSU PKU Muhammadiyah Gombong. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Keperawatan, Volume 3, No. 2, Juni 201 https://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/bitstream/123456789/37290/1/DWI%20RESTARINA-FKIK.pdf
Vaezi A, Soojoodi F, Banihashemi AT, Nojomi M. 2018. The association be- tween social support and postpartum depression in women: A cross-sectional study. Women Birth. Apr;32(2):e238- e242. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2018.07.014. Epub Sep 28.PubMed PMID: 30274879.
Wang, H. et al. (2015) ‘Maternal zinc deficiency during pregnancy elevates the risks of fetal growth restriction: A population-based birth cohort study’, Scientific Reports, 5(June), pp. 1–10. doi: 10.1038/srep11262.
Wang, Y. Y. et al. (2017) ‘Living with parents or with parents-in-law and postpartum depression: A preliminary investigation in China’, Journal of Affective Disorders, 218, pp. 335–338. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.052.
Weir K. The pain of social rejection. American Psychological Association 2012, Vol 43, No. 4 Print version: page 50.https://www.apa.org/moni- tor/2012/04/rejection.
Wurisastuti, T. and Mubasyiroh, R. (2020) ‘Peran Dukungan Sosial Pada Ibu Dengan Gejala Depresi Dalam Periode Pasca Persalinan’, Buletin Penelitian Sistem Kesehatan, 23(3), pp. 161–168. doi: 10.22435/hsr.v23i3.3610.
Xie RH, Yang J, Liao S, Xie H, Walker M, Wen SW. 2010. Prenatal family support, postnatal family support and postpartum depression. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynae- col. Aug;50(4):340-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2010.01185.x.
Yulandari, O. (2021) ‘Kesehatan Ibu Hamil Dari Perspektif Sosial Culture/Budaya’, Angewandte Chemie International, 6(11), pp. 951–952. doi: https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/p8hz7
Zuhrotunida and Yudiharto, A. (2017) ‘Hubungan Dukungan Keluarga Dengan Kecemasan Ibu Hamil Menghadapi Proses Persalinan Di Puskesmas Kecamatan Mauk Kabupaten Tangerang’, Jurnal JKFT, 2(2), p. 60. doi: 10.31000/jkft.v2i1.694.