Development of the CAFE-AI E‑Learning Model: Integrating Pedagogy and Artificial Intelligence to Enhance AI Literacy and Growth Mindset among University Students
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Abstract
This study proposes and qualitatively evaluates the CAFE-AI elearning model, an integrated pedagogical framework that combines constructivist, sociocognitive, and humancentered artificial intelligence (AI) principles to foster AI literacy and a growth mindset among university students. The model responds to recent evidence showing that AI literacy among Indonesian highereducation students remains generally low, particularly in understanding AI concepts, ethical implications, and critical evaluation of AI outputs. Employing a qualitative research design, the study draws on semi structured interviews, learning reflections, and document analysis in a technology enhanced course where students engaged with AI tools (such as generative AI and grammar support systems) through guided tasks and reflective activities. Data were analyzed thematically to identify how students experienced the CAFE-AI model in relation to their AI literacy competencies and growth‑mindset orientations. The findings indicate that the CAFE-AI model supports students in developing more nuanced understandings of AI systems, more critical and ethical orientations to AI use, and greater willingness to experiment, learn from feedback, and regulate their learning strategies. These findings are interpreted in relation to emerging international AI literacy frameworks and growth‑mindset theory, and implications are discussed for AI‑integrated pedagogy in Indonesian higher education.
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